Like many of the articles illustrated, the high bowl on a quatrefoil base (Fig. 392, p. 264) comes from 
a Service, making it relatively easy to identify as a sugar bowl. 
The extent Io which the exhibits described as sugar bowls in 19th Century exhibition reports coin- 
cide with our present conception of the term bowl remains uncertain. However, it is worth mention- 
ing some of the sugar bowls displayed at the Austrian exhibitions of trade products in the years 
1835, 1839 and 1845. In 1835 F. Steigerwald of Haida, Bohemia, exhibited sugar bowls. Johann Lötz 
and J. Schmidt of Bergreichenstein, Bohemia, presented a sugar bowl of green and pink coloured 
glass. 
At the exhibition of 1839, Johann Meyr showed a sugar bowl of pressed glass, while J. Georg Graf v. 
Bouquoy had a bowl on feet with Russian stones on the bottom. K. K. Aerarial Eisengiesserei also 
took sugar bowls to this exhibition. At the third Austrian trade exhibition of 1845, Harrachsche Glas 
fabrik of Neuwelt also exhibited vases, flasks and sugar bowls. Unfortunately there are no surviving 
illustrations of the objects exhibited at all three exhibitions. 
The Berndorf catalogue of 1893 contains “icing sugar bowls” of crystal glass and blue cased glass 
(Fig. 393, p. 265), while a later, undated publication by the same Company shows a Service with sugar 
bowls (Figs. 396, 397, p. 267) and a two-handled bowl which is described as a sugar vase (Fig. 394, 
p. 265). With one exception, the objects reproduced in Fig. 395 (p. 266) are all described as sugar 
bowls. Basket or vase shaped objects with openwork sides, either with or without a handle or hoop 
(Figs. 398-415, pp. 268-275) frequently had glass inserts which in many cases no longer exist. Made 
of high quality filigree (Figs. 404, 405, 407-412, pp. 270-273), their size, which does not attain that of 
a bread basket, also indicates that they were used as receptacles for sugar and confectionery. 
Various metal objects made by the ORIVIT Company (Figs. 414, 415, p. 275) are expressly described 
as sugar baskets. The same catalogue also contains illustrations of sugar boxes (Fig. 415, bottom, 
p. 275), sugar or ice cream spoons and sugar tongs. 
The Vienna exhibition catalogue of 1907 contains a sugar basket and many articles described as 
sugar bowls, although the term sugar vase would be more appropriate for some of them. 
We find a wide variety of descriptions and illustrations of the term sugar bowl in the relevant litera- 
ture. 18th Century porcelain jars match the definition in the Frauenzimmer lexicon. However, it 
seems important to make one fundamental differentiation. On the one hand, there are covered jars 
which are part of a Service, and on the other sugar caddies with a lock, for which the terms sugar 
box or sugar caddy are used because of their box like shape, though it is not clear from the litera- 
ture whether sugar boxes or caddies were always rectangular in cross-section, and whether or not 
they had feet. 
A separate chapter is devoted to jars and boxes in the notes on the Austrian hallmarks act of 1866. 
According to these notes, jars and boxes for sugar, confectionery, meat, tobacco, spices, pomades, 
writing sand, needles, etc. could be marked as required either on the bottom and lid or on the sides 
of the top and bottom with the maker's mark and hallmark. The notes continue with detailed instruc- 
tions for the marking of different types and shapes of receptacle. 
Most of the porcelain and metal jars illustrated here (Figs. 416 et seq., p. 276 et seq.) are parts of 
Services and stem from the 18th to 20th Century. The oval or round jars of the 18th Century 
(Figs. 416-427, pp. 276-281) are followed by the classical type of lower, cylindrical jar on voluted feet 
(Figs. 428-435, pp. 282-284). The straight sides offer sufficient space for a wide ränge of geometrical 
(Fig. 429, p. 282) and floral (Fig. 428, p. 282) decorations, or miniature veduta paintings (Figs. 431, 
p 283), Pompeian motives (Fig. 430, p. 283) and rieh relief gold decoration on cobalt blue 
(Figs. 432-435, pp. 284, 285). 
The basic conical shape of the jars (Figs 436-438, 439, pp. 286, 287), not as common as the cylindri 
cal shape at this time, recurs in the 20th Century (Fig. 439, p. 287), when Contemporary decoration is 
used. 
Several jar shapes (Figs. 440-445, pp. 288-290) come from English and Bohemian ceramic Services. 
These include an octagonal jar (Figs. 444, 445, p. 290) which was also made at the Viennese porce 
lain manufactory (Figs. 446, 447, p. 291). 
The magnificent French examples appear somewhat overdimensioned by comparison 
(Figs. 448-450, pp. 292, 293). At first glance the bellied covered receptacles on three or four feet 
(Figs. 451 et seq., pp. 294 et seq.) are not necessarily recognisable as sugar Containers. 
The aimost spherical Containers on a high base (Figs. 467-469, pp. 304, 305) again tend to be more 
decorative, like the porcelain Containers from Viennese Services, which are supported on hermae 
(Figs. 470, 472, 473, pp. 306, 307). Their shape with pierced lids would appear to have been derived 
from potpourri vessels. 
494