tallow in the beginning, later with “emperor’s oil,”these “lamps” were still being used at a 
time when better equipment, such as gass burners and compressors had long been 
available. Towards the end of the 19th Century, the “blowing table” (with a bellows) was in 
general use (Lilie 1895, pp. 165, 166) (ill. 206, p. 259, ill. 217, p. 266). The beads were 
made separately, blown free-hand or in individual molds (ill. 211, p. 262), or were blown in 
rows of connected beads (“Klautschen”) (ill. 207, p. 260). They were also made with the 
bead shaping machine (ills. 214, 215, pp. 264, 265) which was introduced into the Iser 
Mountains in the 70s (with a blast pressure tank attached to the press-mold). Further 
improvements were brought by the Jossand method (“Jossand’sche Verfahren") (Parkert 
1925, p. 156) (ill. 216, p. 265). Color-Iining, silvering and gilding have already been treated 
in the chapter on colors and coloring, since they were not used exclusively for hollow glass 
beads. The so-called gold bead is also mentioned there. Shiny golden glass beads are 
defined differently by Contemporary authors: generally speaking, the gold bead was a bead 
made of yellow glass (topaz, amber, honey colored) lined with silver; the real gold bead, 
crystal glass with real gold lining. Real gilt hollow beads were only made in Paris up to the 
beginning of the 1890s (Gablonz 1898, p. 162). On the one hand the fine gold bead is seen 
as a bead “made of a specific yellowish glass composition (lead glass)” (Tayenthal 1900, 
p. 24), and on the other hand - by Winter - as a synonym for the real gold bead. The sample 
cards from Weiskopf in Morchenstern are supposed to have shown no less than 
1500 different shapes of such beads (Winter 1900, p. 89). The Gablonz counterpart to the 
“Parisian real gold bead” was made by only a few Companies; the output of blown beads 
amounted to a value of about 1,000,000 gülden a year. The markets were: “English and 
Dutch India, the Orient, Egypt, Central and South America”(Gablonz 1898, p. 162). 
With the invention of molds which made itpossibletomaketenormorebeadsatatime (ills. 208- 
210, pp. 260, 261), production increased considerably. At the same time, prices dropped 
(Gablonz 1898, p. 162). These molds are supposed to have been invented by a bead blower in 
1876 (Tayenthal 1900, p. 24). In an effort to counteract this trend, the Production Cooperative 
of Blown Glass Bead Producers (“Produktivgenossenschaft der Hohlperlenerzeuger”) was 
founded in Gablonz in 1898 (and around 1909-10 was already disbanded). 
Schänder says the center of hollow glass bead production was the Kamnitz Valley with the 
towns of Antoniwald, Josefstal, Lower and Upper Maxdorf, Albrechtsdorf, Georgenthal, 
Wiesenthal, Morchenstern. In addition to the technical innovations which became Standard 
equipment in the Kamnitz Valley (bead machines, brass molds, Bunsen burners), secluded 
“enclaves” continued to make the blown bead without molds, free-hand over a pointed 
flame (Schänder, n.d., pp. 4b, 4c). The invention of “inferior ribbed” beads (first known in 
the late 19th Century) engendered enormous admiration. 
After the glass tubes with uniform inferior ribbing were developed, special effects were 
achieved with irregulär inferior ribbing: “irregulär designed” glass beads were made in 
widely differing thicknesses of the walls. Dr. Weiskopf & Co, a Chemical factory in 
Morchenstern, received a privilege (No. 49/1273) in 1899 for this process which concerned 
walls with irregulär thicknesses and irregulär ribbing. Interior ribbed hollow glass was made 
by the Riedel glasshouses starting in 1910 (Schänder n.d., p. 5b). 
In a survey of metalized hollow beads (silvered or gilded), Schänder names the round, 
smooth bead (the “Glatte”), the round faceted beads (the “Formperle”), the acorn beads 
and olives, smooth cubes, cubes with little raised crosses, wreathed barreis 
(“Kranzelfassel”), triangles, round melon beads with ribs, melon toggles and corner toggles, 
end pendants (“Endbirnel,” round beads with a pear-shaped bead attached), eggs, 
lanterns, interior ribbed beads (blown into smooth molds exclusively), free-hand beads, 
“Hafer”(elongated beads). Brass molds were used for the smaller, less valuable beads that 
were used as filier beads or spacer beads. Large articles such as cabochons and pointed 
ovals were blown into nickel molds, which guaranteed sharp edges and a high brilliance. At 
the time of the three “black booms” (between 1890 and 1914 and again around 1920) the 
black bead was in especially great demand, especially the smooth round beads, rhomboid 
and faceted molded beads and pointed ovals (Schänder n.d., p. 8). 
272