150 
the former is turned at great speed by the 
women on the left, while the feeder with his 
right hand guides the latter. 
Women working on foot-rollers. Dharwar. 
Cotton cleaning in the Southern Maratha 
country. This view represents a number of 
women in the aet of using the “ foot-roller,” the 
only appliance used up to this date for cleaning, 
i.e., disengaging the seed from the fibre, usually 
termed ginning; the dass of eotton treated by 
this implement is the native indigenous, termed 
in the English market Compta. The implements 
consist of a round bar of iron about 14 inches 
long and inches diameter, tapering from the 
centre towards each end, and a pieee of close- 
grained stone 8" X 6" X 3". Motion is given to 
the roller on the stone by the feet, pressing on 
a piece of wood under each sole bearing on the 
roller; while one hand is engaged in passing the 
raw material and removing the seed in the front 
side, the other is removing the clean eotton 
from the back of the roher. The quantity of 
seed eotton cleaned per day equals about one 
maund or 25 lbs. yielding about 7 lbs. of clean 
cotton at a cost of two annas, equal to nearly 3d. 
in English money. 
Cotton press and cattle-power machine. 
Used in the Dharwar factory. 
Fkame XI. 
The “Vakhar,” Churka-yard. Mr. Sheoshankar 
Narayan, Bombay. 
The “ churkas ” are seen at work under the 
roof of tiles which surrounds and encloses the 
yard. The “ kuppas ” is first spread out on the 
ground in the sun and beaten with crooked 
sticks, which greatly assists the working of the 
machine. 
Photographs (6) of Machinery. Used for 
Cleaning Cotton. 
Interim’ view of a steam-power ginning factory. 
Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay. 
Inferior view of a steam - power ginning factory. 
Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay. 
Showing the manner in which the machines 
are fed. 
Cattle power. Dharwar. 
Designed for the purpose ' of superseding 
manual labour for driving the saw-gins. It has 
been found that a saving of 50 per Cent, would 
be realized by the introduction of this machine 
for working the gins. 
Cotton gins. Dharwar. 
d. The Albion. 
e. The American eagle. 
f. Emery American saw-gins. 
These three machines are American patent 
saw-gins not used ; d and eareconstructed with 
wooden framework, which is very objectionable. 
Cotton gins. Dharwar. 
a. Not used. 
h. Dr. Forbes’ “ churka.” 
c. Dharwar saw-gin. 
a. Represents a 25 saw-gins, without the 
maker’s name; not used in the districts. 
5. Dr. Forbes’ hand churka, not used. 
c. A Dharwan 18 saw-gin ; for these gins, all 
the iron-work is sent out from England; the 
woodwork for the box and flues is prepared at 
the factory. Each machine is carefully tested 
in the experimental room before it is delivered 
to the purchaser; and a report of the result 
is recorded in the factory. These machines are 
used in the district for cleaning the acclimatized 
American cotton, which is cultivated to a great 
extent in this part of the country. Driven by 
manual labour, and generally fitted in a part 
of the ryot’s house divided off for the purpose. 
Eight men are required to work the 18 saw- 
gin, that is, four at a time. The motion given 
by a driving wheel 5 ft. diameter. The out 
turn of clean cotton equals from 11 to 12 
maunds of 28 lbs. per day, at a cost of Rs. 3. 
Cotton gins. 
ff. Platt’s power “ churka,” not in use. 
h. Macarthy gin; this machine is used for clean 
ing native cotton in Goojerat and the Berar 
districts, and in several other parts of India, 
worked by steam power, and is considered a 
very superior machine. 
Frame XII. 
Packing of Cotton into Bales. 
Half-press. Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay. 
This is the wooden screw press used in pack 
ing cotton up-country. One man is seen carry- 
ing cotton on his head, while four others are 
treading it into the box, only the lower half of 
which is fixed. 
Half-press. Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay. 
The men are here shown turning the screws 
with levers in the act of pressing. 
Half-press. Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay. 
In this picture the process is further advanced, 
the cross-beam having descended to the top of 
the box. 
Half-press. Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay. 
Showing the bale roped and ready for removal. 
Bale cart. Mr. Sheoshankar Narayan, Bombay, 
Conveying the bales from the press. 
Frame XIII. 
Photographs (16). Illustrating Processes 
of Manufacture of Cotton Fabrics. 
“ Pinjar.” Mr. W. G. Stretton, Bombay. 
This apparatus is curious and complicated. 
It is worked in a small room, but almost in the 
dark, as the chief point is to exclude the wind, 
and glass is unknown in such places. The cot 
ton is operated upon twice, and it is then ready 
to be made up into rolls handy for the Spinner. 
Wlien being whipped up, the cotton resembles 
nothing so much as sand lightly falling. The 
woman makes the rolls with the assistanee of 
a small stick. 
“Pinjara.” Cotton-cleaner. Messrs. Miehie & Co., 
Kurrachee. 
Same as No. 2879. 
“ Pinjun.” Cotton-cleaner. Mr, Sheoshankar 
Narrayan, Bombay. 
Same as above.