190 
soaked in water for 24 hours, after which it is 
kneaded with the hands and feet until it becomes 
dough-like. Lumps proportionate to the articles to 
be made are then mounted on a wheel and formed 
into the required shape. After the vessels have 
dried, they are again put on the wheel, and finished 
by means of an iron tool (samples of which have 
been sent). Tiles are prepared in moulds, and when 
dried are rubbed over with a piece of wet cloth and 
beaten with an earthen “ maul ” for the purpose of 
smoothing the surface; they are then kept for two 
or three days or more tili they become sufficiently 
firm, and after having been eut to the proper size, 
are piled on layers in the sun to dry. 
The vessels, tiles, &c. having been sun-dried, may 
then be sent to the kiln, after which the required 
pattern is traced on them in the following manner. 
A perforated paper pattern (see speeimens sent) is 
placed upon the article, and powclered charcoal 
sprinkled over it. On removing the paper, the 
pattern remains on the earthenware, and is then 
brushed over with a solution called “ Sahree,” the 
description of which is given below. 
When this is dry, glaze of the required colour is 
prepared and poured over it; the article is then 
allowed to dry again, after which it is placed in the 
glazing kiln, and subjected to the required amount 
of heat. The articles are only removed after the 
kiln has become cold. 
Preparation of “ Sal ree.” 
“ Sahree ” is clay found only in the vicinity of 
Sehwan, and vended at Hydrabad (Sind) at a rupee 
per maund (82 lbs.). When required for use it is 
put into a large vessel over night, with water enough 
to cover it. In the morning it is found to have 
attained the consistence of paste, and this being 
strained, it is ready for use. 
Preparation of “ Moordarsing” (Litharge). 
For green colouring two pounds of “Sendoor” 
(red lead), one pound of “ Waree ” (sand), and a 
quarter of a pound of carbonate of copper are mixed 
together and put into an unbaked vessel previously 
plastered over on the inside with a mixture of 
“ Waree ” (sand) and “ Sahree ” (clay). This vessel 
is then placed in a heated oven, when the articles are 
melted together and form a hard substance, used for 
colouring green. When required for useit is ground 
to powder in a hand-mill, sifted, and mixed with 
wheat paste. 
For red or yellow colouring, the process is the 
same as above described, substituting red “ Dha ” or 
earth for the carbonate of copper. 
For purple colouring, instead of a solution of 
“ Sahree ” the baked tile or vessel is washed over 
with black “ Dha” (earthen), and the “ Moordarsing” 
for red or yellow colouring is used as a glaze. 
For blue colouring or glazing, lime obtained from 
the fiint of the sample sent, is freely powdered, 
sifted, and mixed with wheat paste. This mixture 
is poured over the unbaked article and allowed to 
dry. “ Lajwurde,” a blue colour, is then ground 
on a stone with water, to the consistence of paste, 
and brushed over the prepared article. When dry 
“ Kashee ” or white glazing matter is put on, and 
the vessel placed in the kilns as before. 
If the “ Lajwurde ” (Lapis Lazuli) used in the 
last process be omitted, the result will be simply a 
white glaze. 
“ Cashee-jo-rung ” or glazing composition. 
This is made of four parts of “ Chaneo ” (alkaline 
earth) and one part of “ Jubbul-jee-waree ” (hill 
sand). These are mixed together and placed in the 
kiln to melt. The substance thus obtained by 
fusion becomes the glazing material, when it is 
added to paste and used as other pigments. 
Ancient brick from Tatta. 
Bricks from the ruins of Bumboor.—These bricks 
were obtained from the site of an ancient city at 
present known by the name of “ Bumbura,” or the 
Kafir or Infidel City. There are reasons to suppose 
that this ancient place was known during the eiglit 
Century as “ Diwal ” or “ Dawul,” when the Maho- 
medans under Mahomed bin Cassum invaded Sind. 
It was the first city stormed by him. It is said that 
the catapultas he used in the siege were brought by 
sea to the place, and that it was then the principal 
seaport of Sind, on the Western branch of the Dalta 
of the Indus. There was a temple of renowned 
sanctity in the fort at the time of its destruction, 
and hence it has been called by subsequent Ma- 
homedan Historians “Dawul” or Temple, but it 
would appear that before the Mahomedan conquest 
it was known as “ Mahaara ” or “ Munsawar.” In 
Arrian’s Periplus it seems also to be the same, men- 
tion together with “ Gharra,” the first probably as 
“ Barbarike,” and the latter as “ Minaghara,” both 
described as the first ports situated at the mouth of 
the Indus, which he calls “ Scynthus.” 
Major Rennell, in a map compiled by him in the 
year 1783, places “ Dawul ” in the position of this 
ruined City. 
Cabil and Yarrow, of Halla, Haidarabad, Sind. 
Speeimens of pottery, consisting of domestic Uten 
sils (of a similar description to those of the pre- 
ceding exhibitor), tiles, mosaic-work, &c., &c. 
150 speeimens. 
Collection of ancient tiles, as follows :— 
These interesting relics should be looked at 
in connexion with the photographs (by J. 
Mitchie and Co.) of the tombs from which they 
were taken. Vide Notes referring to these 
photographs. 
Tiles from the tomb of Ameer Khuleel Khan. 
Tiles from the tomb of Nawab Ameer Khan. 
Tiles from the tomb of Dewan Shoorfa Khan. 
Tiles from the tomb of Mirza Bakee Tur Khan. 
Tiles from the tomb of Mirza Janee Beg and Ghazee 
Beg. 
Glazed tiles from the ruins of Kullan Kote or the 
Great Fort. 
The tiles sent were procured from the ruins 
of this fort, which is said to have been built in 
824 Hijree (A.D. 1421), on the ruins of a still 
more ancient fort, said to have been in existence 
before the Mahomedan era. It is situated near 
the north or right flank of the “ Buggar,” or 
Western branch of the Indus, about four miles 
South of Tatta. 
Glazed tile, found 12 feet below the surface of a 
building more tban 400 years old. From Tatta. 
Glazed tiles, from the ruins of the old Portuguese 
Chapel, at Tatta, Sind. 
The town of Tatta was built in 872 Hijree 
(A.D. 14G7), by Jam Nizamoodeen Summa (or, 
as he is more commonly called, Jam Ninda). 
The fort, however, was commenced about 1111