204 
increasing demand for improved means of con- 
veyance. 
A few particulars about the construction of these 
carts will be given here, not on aocount of their in- 
trinsic importance, but rather to show the existence, 
among the natives öf India, of a spirit of invention 
and enterprise which requires only favourable oppor- 
tunities to develop itself. 
The Panwell Rundree and Poona Dumney carts 
were invented and brought into use by a Brahmin, 
who opened manufaetories at Panwell and Poona, 
from which towns these carts take their names. The 
following is an outline of their more important fea- 
tures:—The wheels, usually from 34 to 44 feet in 
diameter, are spoked, and surrounded byan h-on tire, 
additional support being given to the nave by iron 
ferrules, &c. Babool, teak, or other wood of good 
quality is used in the construction. 
The axle is of iron and is connected with an axle 
tree and axle beam of ordinary jungle-wood, by means 
of iron straps and spikes. The poles and the frame- 
work or body of the cart are also made of jungle-wood. 
The former pass through the axle beam and unite in 
the centre of the yoke. The framework is supported 
partly by the poles and partly by the axle beam. The 
poles, axle beam, and frame are frequently made with 
the assistance of the village carpenter at the eost of 
about 10s., by the owners themselves from timber 
previously procured from the jungle. These carts 
are available for the conveyance of either agricultural 
produce or passengers; when used for the latter 
purpose the body of the cart is strewn with grass or 
straw; when loaded with cotton or hay the substance 
is piled up to a height of about four feet, and se- 
cured with ropes tied to the framework ; when grain 
is about to be carried the cart is lined with split 
bamboo, eovered, if necessary, with coarse cloth. 
Düring the hot or rainy season an awnmg composed 
of matting stretched over a bamboo framework is 
erected over the body of the cart. Under the poles, 
and behind the wheels, hang pieces of wood called 
“ Dhecknies,” used as breaks. 
In the general principles of construction the Madras 
Bundey and the Jooneer Satta carts (Nos. C and 8) 
agree with the above description, with the exception 
tliat in the Madras Bundey cart, No. 6, the wheels 
are from 44 to 5 feet in diameter, and there is but 
one pole running the whole length of the cart. The 
carts shown in Drawings 3, 4, and 9 are used for the 
conveyance of agricultural produce. The Poonah 
Bangree cart, No. 5, is used exelusively for the con 
veyance of building materials. The cost of the 
greater number of the carts shown in the series varies 
from 31. to 41. 10s. (Rs. 30 to 45), and if kept re- 
paired at an annual expenditure of from 4s. to 10s. 
they will last for about 12 years. The Poonah Satta 
cart, No. 3, from the good quality of the wood and 
workmanship employedin its construction, costs from 
61. to 71- (Rs. 60 to 70), and, if repaired, lasts for 
about 20 years. 
The oil used for lubricating the axles is kept in a 
hollow joint of bamboo, and costs about 10s. per 
annum. 
The weight carried necessarily depends much on 
the character of the road to be travelled ; but on 
ordinary Deccan roads and with two bullocks the 
load does not generally exceed 11 cwt; with four 
bullocks the weight may be nearly doubled. 
The distance travelled per diem averages about 
18 miles (8 koss). 
Drawings Nos. 14 and 15 represent native carts 
used for the conveyance of passengers only. They 
are usually mounted upon springs and travel at the 
average rate of three miles an hour. Cost, from 41. 
to 81. (40 to 80 rupees). 
All the carts mentioned in the above short abstract 
are more or less of native design and workmanship. 
In addition to these, there will be found in the series, 
drawings of conveyances and appliances, such as 
commissariat carts, water carts, wheel-barrows, &c., 
introduced into India by Europeans. 
Madras Committee. 
Silk looms (2). Tanjore. 
Silk carpet loom. Tanjore. 
Bengal Committee. 
Models of native silk-reeling machine (2). Bogra. 
GROUP XIIIa.—AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY. 
Madras Committee. 
Model of a“Peccotta” for drawing water from a 
well. From Madras. 
Model of Coorg “cart without wheels.” From Mer- 
cara. Instrument used for weeding. From Salem. 
Various publications referring to forest and agri 
cultural produce, namely 
“ Reports of the juries on the classes of the 
Madras Exhibition of Raw Products, Arts,” 
&c. in 1857. Beddome’s “ Flora Sylvatica,” 
parts 1 26 to (3 vols). “Reports of Collectors 
of the Madras Presidency on the Rotation of 
Crops,” &c. &c. “ Annual Report of Madras 
Forest Department, 1871.” 
J. H. Masters, Collector of Bellary. 
Models (9) of various agricultural implements from 
Bellary, namely:— 
Seed-drill (Gorru), plough (Madaka), hoes 
(Guntaka, Metla Guntaka, and Junta Gun- 
taka), hatchet, sickle (Kodavali), small sickle 
(Kurchiga) and cart (Chevalu Bandy). 
Madras School of Arts. 
Models (12) of various agricultural and other imple 
ments, such as ploughs, harrows, drills for sowing, 
grass-rake, bill-hook, “ Mamoty,” linseed-oil-mill, 
and shepherd’s crook.