205 
Messrs. Nicholas and Curths, Madras. 
Photograph of natives working a “ Peeotta ” for 
drawing water from a well. 
Bombay Committee. 
Collection of agricultural and other implements from 
all parts of the Bombay Presidency. 
The Collection includes :— 
Models of ploughs (native name “ Hui ”), hoes, 
scythes (Daturdoo), rakes, weeding tools (Kool- 
pee, &c.), seed drills, sickles, harrows, spades, 
&c. Models of various carts used in agricul 
tural operations. 
V. Fretwell, Khandeish. 
Various agricultural implements from Khandeish, 
such as ploughs (Hui), rakes, bullock-hoes (Buk- 
kur), grain drills, &c. &c. 
Col. H. Ramsay, C.B., Commissioner of Kumaon. 
Models of Agricultural Implements used in Kumaon, 
N.W. Provinces. 
Ploughs (6). Native name, “ Hui.” Scale, about 
1 ineh=l foot. Average price, about 4s. Made of 
hard wood, drawn by two bullocks, and driven by 
one man, who holds the handle fixed in the upright, 
by means of which, and by shifting the yoke back- 
wards or forwards, he regulates the depth of furrow, 
which is not more than 6" deep. 
Clod crusher. Native name, “ Dhelara.” Price 
nominal. This mailet is generally used by women 
in breaking clods after ploughing. 
Harrow. Native name, “ Dhunyala.” Price 
nominal. Used after grain is sown ; drawn by two 
bullocks, and driven by one man. 
Rollers (3). Native name, “ Myra.” Price nomi 
nal. Used after the harrow for smoothing the 
ground ; drawn by two bullocks, and driven by one 
man, who sits on the block, the pegs in which are 
used for lifting it up when weeds collect. 
Grubber. Native name, “ Dhunela.” Price about 
3s. Drawn by two bullocks, and driven by one man. 
Prongs made of hard wood. Used for weeding and 
thinning out pulse and millet crops; also in making 
ridges for retaining water in rice fields. Hooks in 
transverse block made of wood, and used by the 
driver for lifting up the implement when clogged. 
Hoe. Native name, “ Kootla.” Price about 9d. 
Used generally by women for planting out and 
weeding. 
Axe. “ Koolhari.” Price about ls. 
Bill-hook. “ Dlmranti.” Price about ls. Used 
in lopping branches of trees for fodder, cutting scrub, 
jungle, and grass, and for reaping. 
Adze. “Basoola.” Price about ls. Used by the 
villagers (as well as by carpenters) in building their 
huts and making and repairing their implements. 
Many of the people make as well as repair the latter. 
Sieve. “ Soopa.” Price under 2d. Used in 
winnowing grain, filling sacks, and for like purposes. 
Water-mill. Native name, ordinary, “ Punchuk- 
kee.” Local name used by hill men, “ Ghutt.” 
Average price with one wheel, 651., average price 
with two wheels, 801. More or less, according to 
depth of excavation required by the nature of the 
ground. 
In the “Bliabur,” or waterless forest running 
along the foot of the Kumaon hills, cultivation is 
only possible by irrigation from masonry channels 
carried from the rivers as they leave the hills. In 
suitable places mills are built, of rubble masonry, 
with lime mortar, and sheet-iron roofing. The site is 
excavated at one side of the channel deep enough to 
give a sufficient fall to the water from the mill race ; 
the expense water is then carried down tili it runs 
into the main channel. The water shoot and wheel 
are made of jamun or sal wood (being hard); the 
hopper of wieker-work. The plug on the left of the 
stones is used for adjusting the upper stone accord 
ing as fine or coarse flour is required. The steps 
leading down into the mill are rendered necessary by 
the depressed Situation of the mill. 
The Bhabur extends for about 80 miles long, by 
[ an average breadth of 10 miles. In this tract, much 
of which is still under forest, there are 48 mills. 
They are leased by government every year, by auction, 
and yield from 30 to 100 per Cent, on their cost. 
For 1873 the rents were leased for 2,350L The 
miller is paid by receiving a tenth of what he grinds. 
When grain is dear his profits are great. The same 
plan of mill is universally used in the hills, but con- 
structed by the people in a rüder and much cheaper 
form. 
A mill works night and day, and one pair of stones 
will grind about two tons of grain in 24 hours. 
Deputy Collector of Furruckabad, N. W. Provinces. 
Collection of Ropes and other Objects used in 
Irrigation. 
1. “ Burt ” or “ Naree.” Hempen rope. Generally 
about 30 feet long ; it works over the drum (No. 3) 
fitted over the mouth of the well. 
2. “ Burt chirmee.” Leather rope. Used for the 
same purpose as No. 1. 
3. “ Girri.” A drum, fixed over the mouth of the 
well. 
4. “ Pool Bundhuneea.” A thin rope used in the 
well blicket (No. 5). 
5. “ Pool.” A leather hucket used in drawing 
water, worked with the burt (No. l)bytwo bul 
locks and two men. 
6. “Joongha.” A rope for connecting the main 
burt with the Jooa (yoke). 
7. “ Paina.” An iron spike used in driving bullocks 
when drawing water. 
8. “ Beree ” or “ Lehree.” Basket made of bamboo 
work, used in watering fields from tanks. Worked 
by two men with ropes. This method is employed 
only when the water is below the level of the fields 
to be irrigated. 
Collection of implements used in ploughing, thresh 
ing, and other agricultural operations. 
1. "Hui.” Plough. Made of wood. 
2. “Jooa.” The yoke used in ploughing. 
{ Spades (iron). The phowra differs 
from the kussee only in having a 
larger surface of iron and broader 
edge. 
5. “ Koodalee.” Implement used in digging and 
trenching. 
6. “ Putela.” Harrow (wood), used in levelling 
fields. After ploughing, the furrows are covered 
in, and the surface of the field smoothed with this 
implement.