11 
litigated, under that law. Thus marriage Settle 
ments are drawn up by Moulvees, and the separate 
shares of widows, sons, and daughters, of all families 
of Mahomedans are defined by them. Wills are 
written by them, and conveyances and deeds of 
gift in special cases; in short, the civil law business 
of the Mahomedan people of India is in their hands. 
English judges are supposed to be conversant with 
Mahomedan law; but there are many points in 
which the general direction of a competent law 
officer is needful, and a Moulvee who has passed a 
prescribed examination is attached to every civil 
court. 
There are no more strict or bigoted professors of 
the Mahomedan faith than the Moulvees of India. 
They surpass in these respects, in a great degree, the 
Ulemas of Turkey and Egypt, who occupy an equi- 
valent position in social life. They are, as they be- 
lieve they ought to be, consistent opposers of, and 
enemies to, all infidels; eise they read the Koran 
and other holy books to little purpose. They be- 
lieve there ought to be no rival to the creed of the 
prophet, and they tolerate none. It is not in regard 
to the departed glories of an imperial government 
only that they grieve, but that rival religions exist 
and progress. The reforms, the admission to na 
tional Privileges of Christians granted by the Sultan 
of Turkey, are by them considered heretical and 
abominable. 
No. 54. Moulvee Kwajeh Torab Ali. 
Kwajeh Torab Ali, a Mussulman, as indicated by 
his name, is an inhabitant of Coel (Allyghur), where he 
is, as the title Moulvee denotes, a lawyer, and pleads 
in the civil courts. He also possesses lands, and 
trades in indigo. The term “ Kwajeh ” is applied 
to all the members of this fraternity, because their 
aneestors vvere retainers or household servants of 
some of the reigning Kings of Delhi. 
No. 55. A Kazi of Bareilly. 
The title of Kazi, or Kadi, will be familiär to the 
general reader as that of a Mahomedan law officer, 
attached to all Mahomedan States and communities. 
His offices in India extended more particularly to 
social questions, and the Kazi was in turn censor of 
public morals, director of local religious rites and 
festivals, and administrator of ecclesiastical law. 
Under the Mahomedan government of India, Kazis 
were appointed to all districts according to their size 
and the amount of Mahomedan population. Their 
duties were to direct ceremonials, to see that periods 
of festivals and fasts were properly observed : to 
perform marriages, of which the Kazi was the regis- 
trar, as well as of deaths: to officiate at the eere- 
monies connected with the birth of children and 
purification of women: at all circumcisions, either 
in person, or by deputy, and thus generally at all 
household as well as public ceremonials. It may be 
said, indeed, that from the birth to the grave, the 
Kazi’s offices are perpetual in every Mahomedan 
family, and cannot be dispensed with. In some cases, 
when the rank and learning of the Kazi fitted him 
for the office, he acted as judge for his district, both 
in civil and eriminal cases ; but such instances were 
comparatively rare under the Imperial Moghul 
government, the judicial establishments for the most 
part, being kept separate from those of the Kazis. 
No. 56. Muhawuts. 
This dass is found all over the northern provinces. 
Their chief oceupation is ear-cleaning and cupping; 
the latter Operation being performed by a cow’s horn, 
with a hole at the pointed end, through which they 
draw and exhaust the air. They are not migratory, 
and are settled chiefly in large cities, where they 
praetice as a low order of what may be termed quack 
doctors. Their religion is Mahomedan. 
No. 57. Mussulman Female. 
The person represented in the photograph is mar- 
ried ; and is the wife of one of the bridge keepers on 
the Ganges canal, near Hurdwar, who is in the em- 
ploy of Government, and, therefore, in a humble 
but respectable dass of life. It is probable that she 
was not secluded; but like many women of the 
poorer classes of Mahomedans, dispensed with that 
custom owing to inability to keep servants to do the 
outside work of the house, fetch water, &e. The 
mark of her marriage is worn about her neck, in a 
small bead necklace called Pote, common both to 
Mahomedans and Hindoos all over India. This is 
tied round the bride’s neck at the marriage cere- 
mony by the bridegroom’s mother, or other near 
female relative, immediately after the Kazi who has 
performed the rites has given the following blessing: 
“ O, great God, grant that mutual love may reign 
“ between this couple as it existed between Adam 
“ and Eve, Abraham and Sara, Moses and Zipporah, 
“ his Higtmess Mahomed Moostafa and Ayesha, 
“ &c.” The necklace is now handed to the person 
who is to fasten it around the bride’s neck, with a 
piece of sugar candy, which the bilde is to eat, as 
emblematical of the sweets of matrimony, while the 
beads are being adjusted. After this, they are never 
removed, except to be rethreaded upon new string, 
and it is considered a very unlucky omen if they 
should ever be accidentally broken. 
No. 58. Diljan. 
Diljan, the “ heart of life,” is a Mahomedan 
courtezan. Her dress is a black tunic, black silk 
trousers, and Cashmere shawl. 
No. 59. Wuzeerun.—Bazar woman. 
This photograph represents a Mahomedan bazar 
woman, or Professional courtezan. Her dress is a 
yellow tunic, green silk trowsers, and red Cashmere 
shawl. 
No. 60. Zahore Begum. 
Zahore Begum is a Cashmere Mussulmani, and 
follows the profession of a courtezan. She belongs 
to the Soonee sect of Mussulmans. 
She has a very fair complexion, black hair and 
eyes; shewears a black silk dress and yellow shawl, 
diamond and emerald Ornaments over the forehead 
and round the neck; a diamond ring on her leffc 
thumb, cloth shoes, embroidered with gold and set 
with preeious stones, and her silver anklets have 
small bells attached to them.