23 
ROCK-CUT 
The next thirty frames (25 to 54) are devoted to 
the Rock-out or Monolithic architecture of India. 
25 eontains illustrations of the Behar group which 
are the oldest series of artificial caves in India. 
They date frora the time of Asoka, 250 B.c., and 
are all comprehended probably within a Century from 
that time. 26 eontains illustrations of the Cuttack 
Caves, which is the only other extensive group known 
to exist in Eastern India, and in date succeeded 
those last mentioned. Some of the sculptures in 
this series of caves have already been exhibited in 
frames 5 and 6. 
25. The Vadithi-ka-Kubha Cave. Burrabur. 
The Karna Chopar Cave. Burrabur. 
The Vapiya-ka-Kubha Cave. Burrabur. 
The Lomas Rishi Cave. Burrabur. 
The Sudama Cave. Burrabur. By T. F. Peppe. 
26. The palace of Rajah Lalat Indra Kesari. Left 
view. Udayagiri, Orissa. 
The Ganesa cave. Udayagiri, Orissa. 
The palace of Rajah Lalat Indra Kesari. Right 
view. Udayagiri, Orissa. By Col. II. Dixon. 
The caves illustrated in frame 27 in like manner 
begin the history of cave architecture in Western 
India. The first, near Bersa, may be 200 years b.c. 
and Bhaja 100. The great cave at Karlee (28 and 
29) was almost certainly excavated by King Devabhuti 
about the year 87 b.c., and is beyond all doubt the 
finest Chaitya cave in India. As will be observed 
all three retain a good deal of the woodwork with 
which they were originally adorned, and the earliest 
(Bersa) has the sloping pillars and all the details of 
a wooden erection. The front was entirely in wood 
and has consequently disappeared, though the great 
frame-work that originally adorned that at Karlee 
as still in situ. 
27. Pillar of the portico. Bersa. 
Front. Bersa. 
Interior of the Chaitya. Bhaja. 
Cave on the right of the Chaitya. Bhaja. 
28. Karlee caves, exterior. 
Karlee caves, entrance. 
Karlee caves. Karlee. 
Karlee caves. Karlee. By Bombay Photo. Co. 
29. View of cave from over entrance. Karlee. 
Interior of cave. Karlee. 
Carvings on the face of the rock. Karlee. ' 
By Bombay Photo. Co. 
The Nassick series is one of the most interesting in 
India. It is wholly Buddhist, and the dates of its 
caves extend from Nahapana in the first Century 
b.c. to Yadnya Sri about 400 A.n. Some of the 
details of these fa<;ades are remarkable for their 
elegance. 
30. Cave. Nassick. 
Cave. Nassick. 
Cave. Nassick. By Bombay Photo. Co. 
31. Cave. Nassick. 
Cave. Nassick. 
Cave Pandu Lena. Nassick. By Bombay Photo. Co. 
32. Interior of cave at Nassick. 
Sculptures in a cave at Nassick. 
Cave. Nassick. By Bombay Photo. Co. 
Taken altogether the Ajunta series is perhaps the 
most complete and interesting of all the Buddhist 
TEMPLES. 
groups in India. The caves found in this wild and 
romantic valley extend in date from the Ist Cen 
tury b.c. to the 8th Century a.d., and besides the 
great variety and richness of the sculptures retain 
to a great' extent the fresco paintings with which 
all these caves appear once to have heen adorned. 
Except, however, at Ajunta and Baugli only the 
faintest traces of this mode of decoration are now to 
be found anywhere. 
33. Interior of a cave No. 9. Ajunta. 
The front of cave No. 26. Ajunta. 
Broken pillars in the verandah of cave No. 24. 
Ajunta. By Bourne and Shepherd. 
34. View of verandah of cave 1, looking north. 
Ajunta. 
Carved pillars in the verandah of cave No. 2. 
Ajunta. 
South end of verandah of cave No. 1. Ajunta. 
By Bourne and Shepherd. 
35. Figures to the right of cave No. 10. Ajunta. 
Figures on the front of cave No. 4. Ajunta. 
View in the verandah of cave No. 26. Ajunta. 
By Bourne and Shepherd. 
The Elora series of caves (Nos. 36 to45) is the 
most extensive as well as the best known group of 
caves in India, but itis also one of the most modern. 
It begins on the south with a small group of Buddhist 
caves, the Dehrwarra and Vishwacarma, excavated 
at the end of the 7th or beginning of the 8th Cen 
tury. Beyond these is a very extensive group of 
Plindu excavations, extending dowm to the 10th or 
1 Ith, and including the well-known Kailas. To these 
succeed at the northern end of the series, the Jaina 
group (frames 43, 44, and 45) some of whose dates 
India may extend into the 13th Century. 
The first three, from 36 to 38, are devoted to the 
Kailas, the pride of Elora,—and its adjuncts. Strange 
to say the style of its architecture is not that of the 
north of India, but certainly borrowed from the south, 
and there is strong evidence to prove that it owes its 
origin to the Cheras and Cholas of the south, who— 
8th or 9th centuries—conquered the whole of Western 
India up to the Nerbudda. 
The other Hindu caves are more remarkable for 
the beauty of their sculpture than the grandeur of 
their architecture, with the one exception of the 
Dhumar Lena, which is the counterpart of that at 
Elephanta, and of about the same date. 
36. The cave of Lunka adjoining the Kailas. Elora, 
The scarp of the south colonnade, Kailas. 
Elora. 
The scarp of the south colonnade. View of the 
other half. Elora. By G. F. lafonä. 
37. Exterior of the cave of Kailas. Elora. 
Exterior of the cave of Kailas. View north. 
The renowned fortress of Dowlutabad. Elora. 
By Bourne and Shepherd. 
Exterior of the caves of Kailas. View north. 
Elora. By G. F. Lafonä. 
38. South view of the Kailas Pagoda. Elora. 
View south. Elora, 
View north of the pagoda entrance. Elora. 
By G. F. Lafonä 
39. Sculpture of Lukshmi bathing. Elora. 
Entrance south to upper story. Elora. 
View north-east of the small pagoda. Elora. 
By G. F. Lafond,