54 
Except in the neighbourhood of the Presidency capitals, where European ideas are in 
the ascendant, the employment of compost manure is considered a matter of small im- 
portance, the Hindoo agriculturist directing his attention almost exclusively to simple 
irrigation, and penning his flocks with hurdles on the land to be cultivated. 
The prejudice of caste in the Hindoo, and of religion in the Mahomedan, are formidable 
barriers to the employment of sewage manure in the cultivation of plants for food. 
Much improvement is needed in the breeding of animals for draught and burden- 
bearing purposes, and more especially is this the case with regard to common oxen, in 
which not only is a degeneracy of species, but also a decrease in numbers evident. This 
may be generally attributed to carelessness in breeding and inattention to pasturage. 
The introduction of foreign, especially English, stock is objectionable for several reasons, 
the chief one being that it is so long before it becomes thoroughly acclimatized. 
A.—FOOD GRAINS AND PULSE. 
WHEAT. 
Triticum vulgare, SfC. 
Wheat is largely cultivated in the north as a 
spring crop. Dr. Royle mentions that he has not 
seen wheat higher than 8,000 feet, but Gerard speaks 
of it at i 0,000, and Capt. Webb at 12,000, on the 
Southern slope of the Himalaya. The extreme limit 
is given at 13,000 to 15,000 feet. The varieties 
cultivated in India are not many ; white wheats are 
generally preferred. Bearded wheat is most com- 
monly grown in the Deccan, Gujerat, and Khandeish. 
Wheat is much grown in the Burmese territories. 
The natives generally do not consume much of 
this grain, but it is reserved for sale. Wheat flour 
is mixed with the flour of some of the pulse, and in 
this form made into cakes, bread or cakes made of 
pure wheaten flour being too expensive a luxury for 
the mass of the population. 
The following specimens are exhibited :— 
952. Wheat, Ist sort. Nagpur. 
953. Wheat, 2nd sort. Nagpur. 
1,487-9. Wheat. Dr. G. Bidie. Madras. 
A dry crop in some of the inland and higher parts 
of the country. Not much used as an articleof food 
by natives of the Madras Presidency. 
Composition in 100 parts :— 
Flour. Bran. 
Water - - - 14'00 
Fatty matters - - 1 '20 
Nitrogenous substances 14'60 
Dextrin and sugar - 7'20 
Starch - - - - 59'70 
Cellulose - - - 1'70 
Salts - - - - 1'60 
10-30 
2-82 
12-48 
5-80 
22-62 
43-98 
2-52 
8,781. Wheat. Dacca. 
8,783. Wheat. Hugli. 
8,785. Wheat. Bogra. 
8,787. Wheat. Rajshahye. 
8,789. Wheat. Faridpur. 
8,792a. Wheat. Patna. 
7,896. Wheat. Maunbhoom. 
5,896-7. Wheat, 
5.925. Wheat. 
5.926. Wheat. 
5,927- Wheat. 
5,942. Wheat. 
6,043. Wheat. 
Kattywar. 
Kantha. Kattywar. 
Daood Khani. Kattywar. 
Vanjia. Kattywar. 
Baroda. 
Dharwar. 
6,075-6. Wheat. Aden. 
(215.) Wheat. Surat. 
6,126. Wheat. Ahmednuggar. 
6,141, 6,164, 6,174. Wheat. Nassick. 
6,183. AVheat. Beigaum. 
6.246. Wheat. Bunsee. Mr. V. Fretwell. Khan 
deish. 
6.247. Red wheat. Mr. V. Fretwell. Khandeish. 
6,300. Wheat. Kutch. 
355. Wheat and barley. Gowal Hindoo of Boo- 
buc, Sind. 
356. Kanuc Thoree wheat. Nihal Wango of Boo- 
buc. 
357. Mocharee. Vetuldass Wango. Boobuc. 
358. Garee. Gowal Hindoo. Boobuc. 
359. Pumbun. Thawar Wango. Boobuc. 
360. Kohano. Sattoo Wango. Boobuc. 
361. Wheat. Lakhoo Bunnya. Boobuc. 
807- Wheat. Berar. 
3,743, 3,714, 3,712. Wheat. H.H. the Maharajah 
of Benares. 
848. Wheat. Indore. 
3.331. Lai. Punjab. 
3.332. Vadanak. Punjab. 
3.333. Ghoni. Punjab. 
3.363. Ghoni, Palampur. Kangra. 
3.364. Ghoni, Kulu. Kangra. 
3.365. Ghoni, Napur. Kangra. 
3,402. Wheat. Kashmir. 
3,608. Wheat. Oude. 
2,263. Wheat. India Museum. 
BARLEY. 
Hordeum distichon, 8fc. 
Barley is cultivated in the Himalayas up to 15,000 
feet. There are several varieties, belonging pro- 
bably to more than one species, some certainly to 
Hordeum hexastichon. The latter is said by Dr. 
Stewart to be frequently cultivated as a cold weather 
crop in the plains of the Punjab, as it requires less 
labour and gives more produce than wheat, even in 
inferior soil and where the water is deep below the 
surface. In some parts of the Himalayas, above 
8,000 feet, it is much more common than wheat, 
while at lower levels it is less grown. In Lahoul 
and Ladak it is abundantly cultivated up to 13,000 
feet, in the latter some kinds of barley may be seen 
to over 14,000 feet, about Haule near the Tsomoriri 
lake. In the plains it is frequently cut two or even