PORCELAIN AND FAIENCE. 
49 
The colamn representing the hardneäs shows the weight 
required to produoe»a scratch with the point of a diamond. 
The " graiii ” or degree of porosity is expressed by the weight 
of water which was absorbed by one hundred grammes of the 
wäre. The prices were furnished by the manufacturers or 
their agents; and in the first column are for a dozen white 
plates,eight inches in diameter (twenty-one centimetres) ; in 
the second column for the same number and size of decorated 
plates. The three divisions or qualities are based upon the 
degree of whiteness; the third all haviug more or less of a 
yellowish tinge. 
PRUSSIA. 
Royal Prussian Porcelain Factory, Berlin. 
This famous establishment, which has been notably repre- 
sented at all of the great oxhibitions,* sustained its reputa- 
tion at Yienna, by its display of vases and ornamental porce- 
lains of various kinds, plastic work in biscuit, Services, and 
in decorative figures, etc. Plain white porcelain is also 
made. 
The works were established in 1763, and are sustained 
chiefly for the promotion of the industry, technically and 
artistically. In the year 1871, the production amounted to 
500,000 pieces, worth 160,000 thalers, from raw materials 
costing 11,050 thalers. The greater part of the product is 
for home consumption. Three hundred and three workmen 
are employed and two steam-engines of 40 horse-power. 
The Royal Saxon Porcelain Works, producing what \\ 
is known as Dresden porcelain, are established at Meissen, a 
few miles above Dresden. The establishment was founded 
by Augustus II., the Elector of Saxony. Tschirnhaus and 
Böttcher, t\yo alchemists in his Service, commenced to make 
experiments about 1706; and the credit of making the hard 
porcelain for the first time in Europe is accorded to Böttcher. 
He made a red or jaspar-like wäre, which could be cut and 
polished by the lapidary, and a glazed, brownish red wäre. 
* Gold Medal at Paris, 1855; at Paris, 1867, llors du Concours. 
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