AMERICAN  PREFACE.

viii
rooms,  better  models  and  drawing-copies.  The  co-operation  of
publishers  was  secured;  for  tliej*  soon  saw  that  they  must  furnish
better  drawing-copies,  otherwise  tlieir  publications  would  be  excluded
  from  the  scliools.  To  impart  a  degree  of  uniformity  to
instruction  everywhere,  especially  in  the  matter  of  style,  the  government
  used  its  influence  to  introduee  into  all  the  leading  artschools
  of  the  country  a  set  of  large  drawing-plates,  two  hundred
in  all,  costing  eight  francs  each.  But  so  various  are  the  schools
in  France  —  some  public,  some  private,  some  half-and-half,  some
general,  some  special  —  for  the  education  of  the  people,  that
the  government  is  obliged  to  resort  to  various  means,  direct  and
indirect,  to  bring  about  any  general  educational  reform.  One  of
the  main  objects  of  the  Universal  Exhibition  held  at  Paris,  in
1867  was  to  stimulate  and  unify  the  art-industrial  education  of
France.  Since  the  disastrous  war  with  Prussia,  educational  Problems— ­
  general,  industrial,  and  military  —  have  received  more
solicitous  consideration  than  ever  before  at  the  hands  of  the
French  authorities,  both  national  and  local.  Indeed,  with  French
education  of  all  kinds,  the  present  is  a  reconstructive  period,—a
fact  that  appears  to  be  overlooked  by  those  who  so  vehemently
urge  us  to  imitate  the  art-instruction  whicli  has  hitherto  prevailed
in  France.  However  well  tliis  art-instruction  may  have  served  its
purpose  in  the  past,  France  herseif,  by  attempting  many  decided
changes,  acknowledges  that  it  is  unequal  to  the  present  demands,—
that,  in  competing  with  thorough  instruction  based  upon  Artscience, ­
  her  traditional  methods  cannot  stand.
ART-INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  IN  GERMANY.
Germany  sliows  that  she,  too,  feels  the  impulse  in  favor  of  artindustrial
  education  ;  her  activity,  however,  would  have  doubtless
been  more  marked  but  for  the  military  exigencies  of  the  last
fifteen  years.  With  German  unity  secured  linder  the  leadership
of  Prussia,  it  is  probable  that  the  development  of  industry  by
educational  means  will  heneeforth  receive  much  greater  attention.
But,  in  the  past,  art-industrial  education  has  not  been  by  any
means  neglected.  Not  only  in  all  the  larger  towns  of  the  different ­
  States,  as  in  Nuremberg,  Munich,  Berlin,  have  there  long
been  liberal  provisions  for  the  special  training  of  art-workmen,

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