AMERICAN PREFACE. 
viii 
rooms, better models and drawing-copies. The co-operation of 
publishers was secured; for tliej* soon saw that they must furnish 
better drawing-copies, otherwise tlieir publications would be ex- 
cluded from the scliools. To impart a degree of uniformity to 
instruction everywhere, especially in the matter of style, the gov- 
ernment used its influence to introduee into all the leading art- 
schools of the country a set of large drawing-plates, two hundred 
in all, costing eight francs each. But so various are the schools 
in France — some public, some private, some half-and-half, some 
general, some special — for the education of the people, that 
the government is obliged to resort to various means, direct and 
indirect, to bring about any general educational reform. One of 
the main objects of the Universal Exhibition held at Paris, in 
1867 was to stimulate and unify the art-industrial education of 
France. Since the disastrous war with Prussia, educational Prob 
lems— general, industrial, and military — have received more 
solicitous consideration than ever before at the hands of the 
French authorities, both national and local. Indeed, with French 
education of all kinds, the present is a reconstructive period,—a 
fact that appears to be overlooked by those who so vehemently 
urge us to imitate the art-instruction whicli has hitherto prevailed 
in France. However well tliis art-instruction may have served its 
purpose in the past, France herseif, by attempting many decided 
changes, acknowledges that it is unequal to the present demands,— 
that, in competing with thorough instruction based upon Art 
science, her traditional methods cannot stand. 
ART-INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN GERMANY. 
Germany sliows that she, too, feels the impulse in favor of art- 
industrial education ; her activity, however, would have doubtless 
been more marked but for the military exigencies of the last 
fifteen years. With German unity secured linder the leadership 
of Prussia, it is probable that the development of industry by 
educational means will heneeforth receive much greater attention. 
But, in the past, art-industrial education has not been by any 
means neglected. Not only in all the larger towns of the differ 
ent States, as in Nuremberg, Munich, Berlin, have there long 
been liberal provisions for the special training of art-workmen, 
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