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than for special instruction ; nor was the Organization of the Im-
provement Schools calculated to make them the hotbecl of art-
industrial instruction, while the Sunday Free Schools were totally
inadequate. The Royal Industrial Institution hasmore of the char-
acter of a technical school, and the Royal Academy of Art is given
to art exclusively, so that even from this side little was to be
expected for art-industry. 1
By the Plan of Re-organization of March 21,1870, the complete
course of the Prussian Industrial Schools was extended to three
years, and the modern languages were incorporated into the plan
of instruction. In consequence of more rigorous conditions of
admission, the aim of instruction was elevated for most of the
subjects, and linear drawing especially profited by these new
arrangements. Generally speaking, the schools retained the char-
acter of technical schools, which is quite plainly expressed in the
preamble of the Plan of Re-organization. It says: “ The youth
entering upon industrial life must be able to examine the progress
of other nations in the departments of technology and of industry,
and to put this progress to use in his own interest, as well as in
that of the community. To this end it is necessary that he should
have attained a knowledge of the French and English languages,
sufficient at least to enable him correctly to understand the works
written in them. The physical conditions of the earth’s surface,
its relation to the aquatic, vegetable, and animal world, must not
be unknown to him. Finally, he needs an insight into the history
of the development of nations and of states, into their intercourse,
and their commercial relations with each other.”
It is apparent, that these higher industrial institutions are not
intended for the education of the working people, but that they
are only fitted to offer to the wealthier classes the opportunity for
general improvement in harmony with the spirit of the times. The
Organization of preparatory classes, as “ Lower Industrial Schools,”
is left to the respective communes wherever it may be necessary.
Art Schools and Industrial Schools of a more comprehensive kind are
at present to be found in Prussia only in Berlin, Dantzic, Breslau,
1 Concerning the condition of art-industrial instruction in Prussia up to the
year 18«>, coinpare: “The Advancement of Art-Industry in England, and the
Position of this Questxon in Germany,” by Dr. H. Schwabe, part iii. p. 188, &c.