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78 ART EDUCATION. 
The Hessian Industrial Association has rendered great service 
to these schools, whose influence upon the industries is so bene- 
flcial. The first impetus toward their Organization was given by 
this society, and it has since done all in its power to advance the 
schools, and to increase their number. But the most important 
part of its activity consisted in the encouragement which it gave 
to the publication of practical and suitable copies. The basis for 
this excellent Collection for all branches of industry was laid by 
the former secretary of the society, the present Grand Ducal 
Upper Building Councillor Rössler. The “ Drawing Copies for 
the Artisans’ Drawing Schools in the Grand Duchy of Hessia,” as 
well as the “Technical Designs, and Designs for the Various 
Branches of Industry,” which were issued at a later period, have 
gone through repeated editions, and have been disseminated far 
beyond the limits of the country for the schools of which they were 
originally designed. By reason of their simple, practical repre- 
sentation, they will always remain an excellent aid for teaching 
in all industrial schools. The activity and the care which the 
society in question has devoted to the advancement of the indus 
tries were most beautifully illustrated by these examples at the 
Exhibition. 
In view of the fact that these schools have evening and Sunday 
courses only, the work of their pupils must not be criticised as 
severely as if it were the production of day-schools ; it showed 
honest, conscientious effort throughout, very generali}' also accom- 
panied bj’ good results. Machine-drawing is principally culti- 
vated; but some of the schools exhibited also very neat freehand 
drawings from copies and casts. For the benefit of technical 
linear drawing, it would appear desirable, however, to pay more 
attention to projection; many of the schools were very deficient 
in it. Very good exercises were to be seen in outline Ornament, 
which is more useful than painstaking finish in shading, wherever 
there is lack of time, even for the better schools. 
Of further aids for teaching in drawing, the models by J. Schrö 
der again held the first rank, the.same as at previous exhibitions. 
This rieh collection contains representations in geometry, descrip- 
tive geometry, machine building, stone constructions, railroad 
building, carpentry, metallurgy, and agriculture. Schröder’s insti-