82 
ART EDUCATION. 
exercises, drawing from objects is taken up with each pupil indi- 
vidnally. 
Each pupil (sometimes also two or three) draws from a sepa 
rate model, which is placed before bim at a distance of from 
1 to 1.5 metres.-. 
The pupils must acquire the facility of discerning, estimating, 
and representing the changes caused by the perspective by means 
of simple Observation in gauging with their lead-pencils. The 
beginning is made by F. Heimerdinger’s wooden models; these 
are succeeded by simple models in plaster, and by Utensils, with 
reference to light and sliade. 
In the upper sections of the girls’ classes the drawing of 
designs for embroideiy is added to the previous subjects, the 
pupils being first made acquainted with the most important ele 
mentar}- forms, then led to the application of a given form to vari- 
ous uses, and finally instructed in the making of original designs. 
In the Industrial Schools, drawing is practiced from models only, 
at first simply in outline, then gradually progressing to shading, 
the various means of representation being employed in the course 
of the Instruction. Figure-drawing is practiced only by those 
whose ealling requires it. 
The specimens exhibited gave proof that all branches of draw 
ing receive carefid attention in the institution, that the study of 
Ornament is supported by the study of plant-forms, and that the 
incitement to self-activity in composition is not negleoted. 
The objects exhibited by tlie pupils of the special courses for 
decorators, joiners, &c., showed in the practical, simple construc- 
tion of the forms, and in the eorrect formation and application of 
Ornament, that the school follows with zeal in the track of the 
reformatory tendencies which are making way for themselvcs in 
England and in Austria. In the drawings of the objects, which 
drawings are not to be used as pictures, but are produced simply 
with a view to their practical execution, the readiest means are 
employed, and all superfluous painting and time-taking finish is 
avoided. 
Drawing and modelling only are practiced in the institution ; 
and it is left to the opportunities and to the diligence of the indi 
vidual pupils to execute in their shops the designs which tliey