82

ART  EDUCATION.

exercises,  drawing  from  objects  is  taken  up  with  each  pupil  individnally.

Each  pupil  (sometimes  also  two  or  three)  draws  from  a  separate ­
  model,  which  is  placed  before  bim  at  a  distance  of  from
1  to  1.5  metres.-.
The  pupils  must  acquire  the  facility  of  discerning,  estimating,
and  representing  the  changes  caused  by  the  perspective  by  means
of  simple  Observation  in  gauging  with  their  lead-pencils.  The
beginning  is  made  by  F.  Heimerdinger’s  wooden  models;  these
are  succeeded  by  simple  models  in  plaster,  and  by  Utensils,  with
reference  to  light  and  sliade.
In  the  upper  sections  of  the  girls’  classes  the  drawing  of
designs  for  embroideiy  is  added  to  the  previous  subjects,  the
pupils  being  first  made  acquainted  with  the  most  important  elementar}- ­
  forms,  then  led  to  the  application  of  a  given  form  to  various
  uses,  and  finally  instructed  in  the  making  of  original  designs.
In  the  Industrial  Schools,  drawing  is  practiced  from  models  only,
at  first  simply  in  outline,  then  gradually  progressing  to  shading,
the  various  means  of  representation  being  employed  in  the  course
of  the  Instruction.  Figure-drawing  is  practiced  only  by  those
whose  ealling  requires  it.
The  specimens  exhibited  gave  proof  that  all  branches  of  drawing ­
  receive  carefid  attention  in  the  institution,  that  the  study  of
Ornament  is  supported  by  the  study  of  plant-forms,  and  that  the
incitement  to  self-activity  in  composition  is  not  negleoted.
The  objects  exhibited  by  tlie  pupils  of  the  special  courses  for
decorators,  joiners,  &c.,  showed  in  the  practical,  simple  construction
  of  the  forms,  and  in  the  eorrect  formation  and  application  of
Ornament,  that  the  school  follows  with  zeal  in  the  track  of  the
reformatory  tendencies  which  are  making  way  for  themselvcs  in
England  and  in  Austria.  In  the  drawings  of  the  objects,  which
drawings  are  not  to  be  used  as  pictures,  but  are  produced  simply
with  a  view  to  their  practical  execution,  the  readiest  means  are
employed,  and  all  superfluous  painting  and  time-taking  finish  is
avoided.
Drawing  and  modelling  only  are  practiced  in  the  institution  ;
and  it  is  left  to  the  opportunities  and  to  the  diligence  of  the  individual ­
  pupils  to  execute  in  their  shops  the  designs  which  tliey