94

ART  F.  DU  CAT  ION.

exhibitecl,  all  of  which,  however,  moved  in  the  same  track,  i.e.,
after  tlie  general  part,  aimed  immediately  at  practical  application.
Here,  again,  the  most  prominent  work  was  the  excellent  “  Cours  de
Dessin  Geometrique  et  Industriel,”  by  the  Frere  Victoris,  which
was  already  favorably  known  from  the  Exhibition  of  1807.  With
it  there  were  also  exhibited  the  models  (of  plaster  and  of  tin)  belonging
  to  it.  Mention  must  also  be  made  of  the  “  Dessin  Lineaire
  Industriel  applique  ä  la  Mechaniquc  et  a  la  Construction,”  by
M.  S.  Petit.  Of  geometrical  models  there  are  still  to  be  noted
the  practically  arranged  collections  of  Rives,  Delagrave,  A.
Julien,  and  others.  They  offered  nothing  new,  however.  Hachette
  &  Co.  exhibited  wooden  models  for  descriptive  geometry
and  stone  constructions,  and  small  models  of  machinery.  The
“  flcole  Professionelle  ”  at  Evreux  had  sent  a  variety  of  models
for  locksmiths,  joiners,  machinists,  &e.
Having  given  a  general  idea  of  the  tendencies  to  be  observed  in
the  eopies,  &c.,  lately  published,  we  will  now  turn  to  the  schools,
i.e.,  to  drawing-instruction  ltself,  and,  in  reviewing  the  drawiugs
by  the  pupils,  we  will  likewise  consider  the  methods,  arrangements,
  aims,  &c.
It  is  well  known  that  educational  matters  in  France,  even  today,
  leave  mucli  to  be  desired,  and  that,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of
the  government,  the  communes,  and  of  humanitarian  soeieties,
they  are  still  in  a  very  defective  state.  Compulsion  has  not  been
carried  through  ;  and  thus  it  happens,  that  even  in  the  metropolis,
in  Paris,  it  is  a  rarity  if  children  of  the  poorer  classes  attend  the
elementary  schools  for  a  longer  period  than  three  years.  According
  to  the  figures  given  in  a  report  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce
of  Paris  in  1867,  twenty-five  thousand  children  still  of  the  schoolage
  were  at  that  time  drawn  away  from  scliool  by  the  Parisian
manufactories  and  other  establishments.  But  this  number  has
increased  eonsiderably  sincc. 1
That  drawing  does  not  play  a  prominent  part  in  the  People’s
Schools,  will  therefore  be  readily  understood.  Still  the  subject  is
1  According  to  a  report  of  the  “Socie'te  pour  1’Instruction  Eleinentaire,”  of
the  year  1870,  there  are  two  luillions  of  children  in  France  who  receive  no
instruction  whatever,  aud  fourteen  millions  of  adults  who  can  neither  read
nor  write.