cnltivated  in  many  institnffons  (as  an  elective  study),  and  in  Paris
especially  a  tendier  of  drawing  is  employed  for  the  Municipal
Schools  of  each  arrondissement.
In  the  Elementary  Schools  under  the  Charge  of  the  “  Christian
Brethren,”  drawing  is  cultivated  incomparably  better  and  more
svstematically.  Although  the  method  here  is  likewise  left  to  the
choice  of  the  individual  teacher,  a  certain  System,  more  or  less
successfuliy  carried  through,  has  neverlheless  been  generally  introduced
  through  the  copies  published  by  the  congregation  itself.
On  the  average,  the  children  begin  to  draw  at  the  age  of  from  nine
to  ton  years,  freehand  and  linear  drawing  being  treated  as  totally
separate  branches.  In  freehand  drawing,  geometrical  forms  are
therefore  omitted,  and,  as  before  stated,  rhythmical  Ornament  is
immediately  aimed  at.  The  copies  most  in  use  are  those  already
named,  by  Yictoris  and  Athanase,  partially  also  those  of  J.  Carot.
The  teacher  executes  the  drawing  in  hand  upon  the  blackboard  on
a  large  scale,  and  cxplains  it;  each  pupil  (in  the  case  of  largfe
classes  every  two  pupils)  has  before  him  a  lithographic  copy  of
the  same  original,  showing  the  drawing  as  it  is  to  appear  when
finished.  The  pupils  always  draw  witli  charcoal  upon  paper  lightly
  tinted,  and  correct  the  forms,  by  wiping  with  linder  or  cloth,
until  tliey  appear  correctly  ;  this  is  succeeded  by  the  execution  in
Crayon  or  in  lead-pencil.  The  drawmgs  cxecuted  in  this  manner,
and  exhibited  at  the  World’s  Fair,  frequently  showed  results  that
were  quite  astonishing;  and  those  ot  the  “  Fcole  de  St.  Sulpice
(Paris),  and  “St.  Michel”  (Havre),  must  be  mentioned  more
particularly.  As  shaded,  plastic  Ornament  is  practiced  from  flat
copies  in  these  schools,  the  transition  from  the  flat  to  the  round
is  much  easier  there  tlian  from  the  outline-ornaments  universally
introduced  with  ns.
In  the  numerous  Boarding-Schools  connected  with  the  elementary
  educational  institutions  in  France,  wliich,  especially  in  the
provincial  towns,  are  frequently  in  Charge  of  the  “  Brethren,”  and
in  wliich  there  are  often  found  pupils  fourteen  to  sixteen  j'ears  of
ao-e,  drawing  from  the  round  (casts)  is  practiced  with  the  best
success.  The  models  of  Ornaments  are  taken  almost  exclusively
from  the  Renaissance,  those  for  the  flgure  from  the  antique.
The  portfolios  exhibited  in  large  masses  by  the  various  cduca-