cnltivated in many institnffons (as an elective study), and in Paris 
especially a tendier of drawing is employed for the Municipal 
Schools of each arrondissement. 
In the Elementary Schools under the Charge of the “ Christian 
Brethren,” drawing is cultivated incomparably better and more 
svstematically. Although the method here is likewise left to the 
choice of the individual teacher, a certain System, more or less 
successfuliy carried through, has neverlheless been generally in- 
troduced through the copies published by the congregation itself. 
On the average, the children begin to draw at the age of from nine 
to ton years, freehand and linear drawing being treated as totally 
separate branches. In freehand drawing, geometrical forms are 
therefore omitted, and, as before stated, rhythmical Ornament is 
immediately aimed at. The copies most in use are those already 
named, by Yictoris and Athanase, partially also those of J. Carot. 
The teacher executes the drawing in hand upon the blackboard on 
a large scale, and cxplains it; each pupil (in the case of largfe 
classes every two pupils) has before him a lithographic copy of 
the same original, showing the drawing as it is to appear when 
finished. The pupils always draw witli charcoal upon paper light- 
ly tinted, and correct the forms, by wiping with linder or cloth, 
until tliey appear correctly ; this is succeeded by the execution in 
Crayon or in lead-pencil. The drawmgs cxecuted in this manner, 
and exhibited at the World’s Fair, frequently showed results that 
were quite astonishing; and those ot the “ Fcole de St. Sulpice 
(Paris), and “St. Michel” (Havre), must be mentioned more 
particularly. As shaded, plastic Ornament is practiced from flat 
copies in these schools, the transition from the flat to the round 
is much easier there tlian from the outline-ornaments universally 
introduced with ns. 
In the numerous Boarding-Schools connected with the element- 
ary educational institutions in France, wliich, especially in the 
provincial towns, are frequently in Charge of the “ Brethren,” and 
in wliich there are often found pupils fourteen to sixteen j'ears of 
ao-e, drawing from the round (casts) is practiced with the best 
success. The models of Ornaments are taken almost exclusively 
from the Renaissance, those for the flgure from the antique. 
The portfolios exhibited in large masses by the various cduca-