98 
ART EDUCATION. 
specified. Drawing in the schools organized after tlie pattem of 
the “ ficole Turgot” (Colbert, Lavoisier, Auteuil) ratlier bears 
the character of the Professional, vvhich, in truth, is the first aimof 
these schools. Coustructive drawing predominates. Of the ‘ 1 flcoles 
eommerciales ” (founded by the Chamber of Commerce) the school 
at No. 23 Avenue Trudaine exhibited drawings by its pupils, 
mostly decorative pieces, and designs for textile fabrics, which, 
however, offered nothing new as far as style is concerned. 
In the girls’ schools for general education, drawing is, indeed, 
praeticed everywhere, but the results are below those of the boys’ 
schools. Flowers and landscapes are taken up before outlines 
have been sufflciently praeticed, which self-evidently must lead to 
dilettantism. In the “ ficoles professionelles” for females, draw 
ing is more successful, and more so in those under the patronage 
of the Archbishop Mons. Guilbert than in those called into life by 
Duruy. Of the institutions first named, twenty-one have been 
organized down to this time in the various arrondissements of 
Paris, according to the necessities of the different localities ; and 
drawing is cultivated especially with a view to female industrial 
pursuits. The “ ficole professionelle” of the Faubonrg Pois- 
soniere deserves to be especially mentioned for its pretty needle- 
work and tastefid drawings. 
It may be gathered from what has been said so far, that muck 
is still left to be desired in instruction in drawing in the French 
schools for general education, and that, above all, a common centre 
is still wanting, proceeding from which well-defined principles 
might be enforced. No one, however, will doubt that it is very 
difficult to introduce reforms in a state in which educational mat- 
ters are still in so many different hands, and are, indeed, in great 
part left to private enterprise. The efforts made in this direction 
by the government since 1870 deserve full recognition ; and the 
future of France maj' be congratulated, if all that is now pre- 
scribed by law can be carried out. The French have generally intro- 
duced their innovations according to the measure of their wants ; 
and the year 1870, therefore, brought to their educational institu 
tions, what the World’s Fairs brought to their industry, i.e., a re- 
form. Tlicy demonsfrated plainly at the exhibition in the Prater, 
that tkey are capable of holding their own against all other States