FRANCE. 
103 
Of the “ ficole Speciale d’Architecture” _(establishcd 1863) tliere 
were to be seen original works, and photographs from such. The 
school is well known by its admirable productions. A large num- 
ber of architectural works were published by it, of which the 
“ Fragments d’Architecture ” (Paris, Morel) must be mentioned 
as the most prominent. 
Excellent specimens had furthermore been sent by the provincial 
cities from the renowned “ Ecoles professionelles ” of Rouen, St. 
Quentin, Havre, Lyons (la martinere), and the “ ficole Indus 
trielle de la Ville de Lille.” There were also numerous portfolios, 
witli good drawings from Normandy and the Bretagne, where the 
greater number of the “ ficoles manufacturelles ” are to be fonnd. 
In the South, Toulouse and Bordeaux still continue to be the cen 
tral points of art-instruction, and their schools are the patterns 
for those of the smaller cities. The schools of Bordeaux are more 
inelined towards the industrial; wliile in Toulouse, under the di- 
rection of M. Gaillard, the academical and purely artistic prevails. 
Opportunity is everywhere given to the workingman in France, 
and perhaps more especially so in Paris, to acquire an artistic 
education ; and the government has at no time neglected to see to 
it, that the advantages offered should be made use of to their 
full extent. Hausmann, under Napoleon, had, indeed, done a 
good deal in tliis direction ; but a good deal remained still to 
be done, when the calamitous catastrophe of war produced a 
marked change in the course of all things in France. The pres 
ent ministry, however, took up the question more energetically 
than before, and its olforts are especially directed towards 
advancing the education of the working-classes. People are 
well eonvinced that it is chiefly industry which must bring the 
lost milliards back to the country ; while at the same time, in 
view of the advances made by other nations, to stand still would bo 
equal to retrogression. But however the special schools of Paris 
may fiourish, and however large a number of artistically-trained 
working-men tliey may supply to the industries, it is nevertheless 
true, that with the mass of the laboring classes, and espeeially with 
the apprentices, — the young aftergrowth as it were,—general 
as well as special education is still exceedingly defleient. In view 
of these circumstances, M. Greard, at present Inspector-Geneial