RUSSIA. 
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lithographs ; the academieal studies exhibited a want of thorough 
understanding of tbe forms. It istrue, undoubtedly, tbat Russian 
Ornament does not make use of tbe figure, and receives its life from 
color alone ; but an art-school, even though it may be called upon 
to cultivate the ornament more particularly, must not disregard 
figure-drawing; tbe study of the human figure is of tbe utmost 
advantage to tbe freedom and tbe refinement of form. 
The “ Society for tbe Encouragement of tbe Arts,” at St. 
Petersburg, follows very nearly tbe same aims. It exhibited only 
drawings from the composition dass of its Industrial School, which 
deserve to be designated as superior. Most of tbem were vessels 
and ecclesiastical Utensils in gold and enamel, book-covers, pro 
fane and ecclesiastical works in wood, &c., principally Byzantine 
in style. Tbe Museum of tbe society also exhibited an interesting 
Collection of enamelled plates of tbe fourteentb and fifteenth centu- 
ries, as examples for the pupils, as well as a collection of national 
dresses, and other domestic objects, illustrative of tbe industry of 
the Russian people. Tbe “ National Ornaments ” published by 
tbe Institution bave reference mostly to textile art, and follow the 
general reformatory tendencies now prevailing in Russia. 
Besides these scbools of an especial art-industrial cbaracter, tbe 
Technological Institutes of St. Petersburg and of Moscow were 
also represented at tbe Exhibition by aids for teacbing for practical 
technical education. 
In both of these institutes particular attention is paid not only 
to the theory, but also to the practical exercise, of the various 
trades; and tbe Technical School at Moscow more especially is so 
organized, that its pupils can be educated in tbe workshop in all 
tbe brancbes of machine-building and mechanics. This Institu 
tion is divided into two sections; the first, a general scientific 
section, the other, a special section for tbe different brancbes, eacb 
with a course of three years. The aids for teaching, shown at the 
Exhibition, had reference only to practical instruction in theVork- 
shop, which is given quite systematically, in turning, joinery, 
metal-turning, locksmithing, &c. The character of the school, 
however, is not identical with that of the French Intermediate 
Technical Schools (at Chalons, Aix, Angers, &c.), vhich train 
only technically educated foremen; it is simply a High School, in