THE NETHERLANDS AND BELGIUM. 
141 
fined to freehand and linear drawing, and so-called Industrial 
Schools, in which mathematics and the natural Sciences were also 
taught. According to later regulations, the Middle Schools of tliis 
dass are to provide for general education in an enlarged sense, 
and they have therefore been organized as Citizens’ Schools proper 
(with day and evening courses). 
It was intended to establish such schools in all places hav- 
ing more than ten thousand inhabitants, but it has been im- 
possible so far to carry out this idea to its full extent. In 
many places the old Drawing-Schools also remain in existence 
alongside of the new institutions. The attendance is continually 
growing, especially in the evening-schools; at the day-schools it 
is smaller. The pupils are generally held to participate in all the 
branches of study, but in some of the schools they are permitted 
to choose single subjects: this applies more especially to drawing 
in the higher schools. 
The number of Drawing-Schools still existing in 1871 amounted 
to thirty, with one hundred and eiglit teachers and twenty-five 
hundred pupils. In twenty-two of tliese schools, instruction 
embraced only freehand and architectural drawing; in the others 
mathematics, natural philosophy, and mechanics were likewise 
taught; in three of them also modelling. The Royal School for 
the Arts of Design at Bois-le-Duc, the Academy of the Arts of 
Design at the Hague, and the Industrial School organized by the 
Society of Working-men at Amsterdam, are among the best of 
these institutions. 
In the higher Citizens’ Schools, four hours in each of the two 
lower classes, two hours in each of the three upper classes, are 
devoted to drawing. At the graduating examination, the candi- 
date must be able to draw and shade an Ornament from a cast, 
and to sketch a head from a copy. 
This general outline must sufiice to give an idea of the Organiza 
tion and the legal requirements of the schools in question. Yery 
naturally the material at hand was not sufficient to show the influ- 
ence exercised by drawing-instruction in the Netherlands. The 
Exhibition only made it apparent that not a trace is left in Dutch 
industry of the period of its glory in the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries.