154 
ART EDUCATION. 
things; and these points, as far as tliey relate to drawing, skall 
briefly be mentioned bere. 
Portugal is aware of her isolated position, and knows that she 
cannot play an independent part in the development of civilization, 
as her language is liardly spoken outside of her limits, and the most 
important productions of literature must therefore remain foreign 
to her people. But she is doing her best to follow in the wake of 
progress, and is endeavoring, especially by means of her schools, 
to eome into contact with the cultured nations of Central Europe. 
It is very natural that France is principally looked to in this 
respect. French is therefore compulsory in all the schools; and 
all the other arrangements are also very generally fashioned after 
French patterns. 
Industry is ruled entirely by French taste ; the national element 
is so simple and unimportant, that it can hardly be noticed. The 
imitation of old French art-industries, such as the Palissy faiences, 
maj' be mentioned as a speeialty, but is only another proof of the 
dependency of form upon France. 
Manier, in his “ Map of Primary Instruction in Europe,” pub- 
lished in Paris, in 1867, placed Portugal in the last category, and 
asserted that “ the population is ignorant, the schools are few and 
badly attended. One pupil only is counted to eighty-one inhabit- 
ants.” But this was a decided error, even at that time, as in 
1864, according to Statistical reports, there were already 2,774 
schools, with 99,256 pupils, which gives one pupil to every fortj'- 
two inhabitants. Since then, in spite of the unfavorable political 
condition, nothing has been neglected to elevate the education of 
the people, and to diffuse general culture especially by estab- 
lishing Lycea. Portugal, at present, has a Lyceum in each of its 
districts (twenty-one with the islands), whose directors are at the 
same time inspectors of the People’s Schools, and all of whom are 
again subordinated to a Director of Public Instruction. Witliin 
this Organization all instruction is governed by uniform principles. 
The Teachers’ Normal Schools of the country have also made 
considerable advances of late. 
Drawing is taught in all the schools ; and the various institutions 
were represented by specimens from the “Real Casa Pia,” the 
“National Lyceum,” and the “Normal School,” all of Lisbon.