AMERICAN PREFACE. 
XIX 
by and by it will be very decided in every State, unless we cboose 
to rely upon the foreigner, to an altogether unreasonable extent, 
for our manufactures, paying for them with breadstuffs and raw 
materials that ought to be consumed by artisans of our own. But 
the country will choose to do no such tliing; we may, therefore, 
count upon a steady relative as well as absolute increase of the 
artisan population, and of those who dwell in cities. 
Yet further, if we consider the relations which agriculture and 
manufactures bear to otker occupations, we find that the number 
to whom manufactures give indirect employment, as merchants, 
kousehold help, coachmen, barbers, mail-carriers, telegraph-oper- 
ators, is much greater than the number receiving indirect employ 
ment from agriculture. Tkis is to be remembered iu striking a 
balance between the two, in determining the proper scope and 
charaeter of the public education. 
Let us now compare some of the leading States as to the num- 
bers engaged in different occupations. To begin with Massachu 
setts, the census of 1870 gives the following figures : — 
Total popnlation 
Engaged in all occupations .... 
Engaged in agriculture 
Engaged in Professional and personal Services 
Engaged in trade'and transportation 
1,457,351 
579,844 
72,810 
131,291 
83,078 
Engaged in manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industries 292,005 
These figures show that only one-eighth of the employed popu 
lation of Massachusetts is engaged in agriculture, while over four- 
eighths are engaged in manufactures, mechanical, and mining 
Industries. Trade and transportation employ one-seventh. 
All know, at least in outline, the economical history of Massa 
chusetts. Once the larger part of her population was engaged in 
agriculture, though neither the absolute numbers so engaged, nor 
the profits of their labor, were ever, perhaps, greater than to- 
day. Next in order of importance, came trade and transporta 
tion. Within, however, the last thirty or forty years, manufac 
tures have outgrown every thing eise, their total value in 1870 
amounting to $553,912,568. But what of the economical future 
of Massachusetts? There will be no decadence; she wiü hold