AUSTRIA. 
15 
have developed in producing the requisite eopies, deserves honora- 
ble mention. Numerous works following the correct principle, 
and therefore sliowing but unimportant differences, were exhibited 
in the shape of unpublished drawings, alongside of others already 
published. In the first stages of instruction the stigmographic 
method is frequently employed with good success. 
In the Citizens’ Schools drawing is carried on less uniformly, and 
the choice of examples in some of these institutions, especially in 
Bohemia, is to be censured ; on the contrary, the Moravian, Sile- 
sian, and Austrian schools of this dass exhibited mostly good 
work. 
In the Training-Schools for Teachers, where stress must be laid 
above all upon outline Ornament, and where blackboard-drawing 
in this branch must be practiced, due attention is generally paid 
to these requirements ; but old eopies of Ornaments without defi 
nite style are still frequently in use, and sometimes shaded heads 
are drawn from old French examples, which tend to hinder the 
study of exact form, rather than to advance it. The German 
Training School for Teachers, of Prague, exhibited the correct 
course of instruction in a most exemplary manner by means of 
work done by its pupils. 
Nearly all the Real-Schools were represented by superior 
specimens, those of Vienna taking the lead. The methods of 
teaching are pretty much the same everywhere, showing only 
minor differences which are owing to the individualities of the 
teachers, and frequently also to local circumstances. The better 
of the later French drawing-copies, as well as the models, &c., 
published by the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry, have 
been introduced very generally. In the Bohemian Real-Schools, 
which are still organized according to the old System, architectural 
and topographical drawing are still carried on to excess. The 
results of freehand drawing were good on the average; but it was 
remarkable, that, for the drawings from casts in two crayons, 
paper of much too dark a color had been chosen almost through- 
out, which allows only of a hard and constrained rendering of the 
forms. In the choice of technical means, the French must still 
serve as models to all the world. 
Many of the schools, prominently among them those of Prague,