A  üSTRIA.

17

cially  were  representecl  by  very  exeellent  specimens,  in  drawing  as
well  as  in  modelling.  They  are  just  now  undergoing  a  reform,  and
will  probably  be  freed  from  some  of  the  difflculties  by  which  they
were  beset  until  now.  Through  the  agency  of  the  preparatory
classes  now  in  course  of  Organization,  the  pupils  will  be  better
  fitted  to  enter  these  schools,  which  will  henceforth  occnpy
the  position  of  higher  classes;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the
irregularity  in  the  attendance,  which  has  frequently  been  complained
  of,  will  be  checked  by  suitable  measures  on  the  part  of  the
autlprities.
Of  the  Industrial  Schools  proper,  only  a  few  were  represented  in
the  Collective  Exhibition  of  Austrian  Education,  bj r  specimens
done  by  their  pupils.  Among  these  the  Building  and  Machine
Trades  School  of  Vienna,  and  the  Industrial  School  of  Prague,
were  the  most  prominent.  The  larger  part  of  the  special  schools
proper,  being  subventioned  bj'  the  Austrian  Ministry  of  Commerce,
exhibited  in  the  Pavilion  of  the  Commerce  of  the  World.  As
they  were  not  included  in  the  report  of  the  Commission  on  the
Collective  Exhibition, 1  their  achievements  must  receive  a  more
detailed  treatment  here.
The  industrial  department  formed  Group  VI.  of  the  Exhibition ­
  made  by  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  ;  and,  of  the  schools  linder
consideration,  a  map  had  been  prepared  which  showed  their  local
distribution  throughout  the  Cisleithanian  Crownlands.  By  this
map  it  became  apparent  that,  so  far,  the  North  of  Bohemia  pos-Schools,

  who  devote  themselves  to  praetical  labor.  The  selection  of  tlie  subjeets
  tauglit  is  entirely  governed  by  local  circumstances.  Tlie  number  of
teachers  rises  from  a  few  up  to  tlfty  in  eue  school.  These  teachers  are  partly
regularly  trained  pedagogues,  partly  specialists,  such  as  engineers,  merchants,
manufaeturers,  or  artisans.  .  .  .  The  hours  of  instruction  of  all  these  schools
are  outside  of  the  ordinary  working-time  of  the  shops.  The  schools  of  tlie
more  important  cities  also  öfter  opportunity  to  practice  during  working-time,
in  schoolrooms  especially  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  ander  the  supervision
  of  teachers  who  come  and  go  occasionally.  The  attendance  is  voluntary,
  and  dependent  upon  the  payment  of  a  small  tuition  fee  The  expenses
of  the  schools  are  borne  one  half  by  the  state,  the  other  half  by  the  communes.”
  This  description  applies  more  especially  to  the  schools  of  Wurtemberg,
  but  will  answer  for  all.  —  Transl.
1  With  the  exception  of  the  Manufacturing  Drawing  School  and  the  Building ­
  Trades  School  of  F.  Martens  in  Vienna.
2