A üSTRIA. 
17 
cially were representecl by very exeellent specimens, in drawing as 
well as in modelling. They are just now undergoing a reform, and 
will probably be freed from some of the difflculties by which they 
were beset until now. Through the agency of the preparatory 
classes now in course of Organization, the pupils will be bet- 
ter fitted to enter these schools, which will henceforth occnpy 
the position of higher classes; and it is to be hoped that the 
irregularity in the attendance, which has frequently been com- 
plained of, will be checked by suitable measures on the part of the 
autlprities. 
Of the Industrial Schools proper, only a few were represented in 
the Collective Exhibition of Austrian Education, bj r specimens 
done by their pupils. Among these the Building and Machine 
Trades School of Vienna, and the Industrial School of Prague, 
were the most prominent. The larger part of the special schools 
proper, being subventioned bj' the Austrian Ministry of Commerce, 
exhibited in the Pavilion of the Commerce of the World. As 
they were not included in the report of the Commission on the 
Collective Exhibition, 1 their achievements must receive a more 
detailed treatment here. 
The industrial department formed Group VI. of the Exhibi 
tion made by the Ministry of Commerce ; and, of the schools linder 
consideration, a map had been prepared which showed their local 
distribution throughout the Cisleithanian Crownlands. By this 
map it became apparent that, so far, the North of Bohemia pos- 
Schools, who devote themselves to praetical labor. The selection of tlie sub- 
jeets tauglit is entirely governed by local circumstances. Tlie number of 
teachers rises from a few up to tlfty in eue school. These teachers are partly 
regularly trained pedagogues, partly specialists, such as engineers, merchants, 
manufaeturers, or artisans. . . . The hours of instruction of all these schools 
are outside of the ordinary working-time of the shops. The schools of tlie 
more important cities also öfter opportunity to practice during working-time, 
in schoolrooms especially appointed for the purpose, and ander the super- 
vision of teachers who come and go occasionally. The attendance is volun- 
tary, and dependent upon the payment of a small tuition fee The expenses 
of the schools are borne one half by the state, the other half by the com- 
munes.” This description applies more especially to the schools of Wurtem- 
berg, but will answer for all. — Transl. 
1 With the exception of the Manufacturing Drawing School and the Build 
ing Trades School of F. Martens in Vienna. 
2