IV 
AMERICAN PREFACE. 
France. But education is a plant whose fruit does not mature in 
a'year, nor all at once: a half Century was required fully to con- 
vince Europe, by results, that the workman should be specially 
educated for bis work. Meantime America was developing the 
public school as a means of populär culture. To-day Europe is 
successfully combining tlie two lessons,—industrial instruction, 
and general culture, of the whole people. The different govern- 
ments realize that henceforth national supremacy must depend 
more and more upon industrial supremacy ; and so for tliis peaceful 
warfare, not the less real because bloodless, each is arming itself 
with the best weapons that art and Science can furnish. In the 
camp soldiers are drilled no less than of old ; but, in the schools, 
children and youth are trained with a direct view to labor as they 
never were trained before. Of all things, the pencil is recog- 
nized as the most efflcient ally of the needle-gun. While the latter 
wins victories on the field of carnage, the former wins them in 
great industrial tournaments that bring together the rival products 
of the whole working world. In the one case it is a battle of 
bullets, in the other a battle of forms; and Europe has learned 
that Provision should be made no less against defeat in the bat 
tle of forms than in the battle of bullets. 
While America, as j’et, has done almost nothing for the direct 
education of labor, how munificent the expenditures made for this 
purpose by European governments! how broad their view, and 
how thoughtful the adaptation of means to secure the end desired! 
They rely upon no one thing ; but, beginning the work in elemen 
tar schools where all can be reached, they. carry it on through 
evening schools, through Sundaj- schools, through schools for 
special industries, even in towns of one or two thousand inhabit- 
ants, tlirougli schools of arts and trades at frequent intervals ; 
they advanee it by . populär lectures, by local museums, and by 
oft-occurring exhibitions; they complete it in great central tech- 
nieal universities and art museums, with their numerous and 
comprehensive courses. Thus they provide for all ranks in life, 
for all the exigencies of art and of industry. To-day, in the 
Workshops and manufacturing establishments of Europe, there 
are miüions of men and women who have been trained more or 
less efficiently, during the last twenty years, in art and Science