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44  ART  ED  UCATION.
practical  in  the  first  stage  of  instruction,  is  being  introduced  into
the  drawing-schools  of  the  Palatinate.  His  neat  little  books,
based  upon  this  method,  deserve  the  fallest  recognition  for  their
careful,  systematic  grouping  of  the  simplest  geometrical  forms  ;
the  same  author’s  copies  for  instruction  in  linear  drawing,  for  the
use  of  the  lower  sections  of  Technical  Schools,  are  likewise  quite
practical.
The  centre  of  attraction  of  the  Bavarian  Educational  Exhibition
was,  however,  formed  by  the  works  of  the  higher  Art-Industrial
Schools  of  Nuremberg  and  of  Munich.  In  Munich,  the  interests
of  art-industry  are  principally  cared  for  by  the  Royal  Art-Industrial ­
  School  and  the  Art-Industrial  Association,  while  the  cultivation
  of  art  proper  is  made  over  to  the  Academy  of  the
Arts  of  Design,  wliich,  under  KaulbaclTs 1  and  Piloty’s  direction,
  may  at  present  be  looked  upon  as  the  central  point  of  German
painting.
In  Nuremberg  both  tendencies  are  United  in  one  Institution,
the  oldest  among  the  art-schools  of  Germany  (founded  by  Joachim ­
  v.  Sandrart,  1606—1688),  which  has  made  considerable
advances,  especially  during  the  two  last  decades,  under  the  excellent
  management  of  A.  v.  Kreling.  The  objects  exhibited  by  this
Institution  gave  a  clear  idea  of  its  plan  of  instruction  and  of  its
exertions  in  behalf  of  taste.  The  plan  of  instruction  is  based
upon  the  desire  to  carry  the  artistic  education  of  the  pupils
to  the  highest  possible  perfection  in  all  branches,  and,  at  the
same  time,  to  elevate  industry  by  bringing  it  under  the  influence
of  art.
Instruction  begins  with  the  drawing  of  Ornaments  from  casts  ;
and  the  pupil,  after  having  reproduced  the  outlines  correctly,  is
led  to  study  the  equally  important  internal  movement  of  the  forms.
The  modelling  of  Ornaments  is  generally  done  from  drawings  (old
examples  being  partially  employed),  so  as  to  give  facility  to  the
pupil  in  the  translation  of  graphic  into  plastic  representation,
which  is  so  necessary  in  industrial  pursuits.
To  give  practice  in  the  treatment  of  wood  and  of  metals,  woodcarvings
  and  chased  works  in  metal  are  executed  in  the  Institution,
1  Kmdbach.  —  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  tliat  Wilhelm  von  Kaulbach  died
April  8,1874,  when  Prof.  Langl’s  Eeport  had  already  been  published.—  Transl.