76 
ART ED ü CAT ION. 
costs six thalers ; Series II. (twelve models), nine thalers ; Series 
III. (nine models), ten thalers. 
The choice of motives inthese models, and theirsj^stematic group- 
ing, must be callecl excellent, while the execution is truly exem- 
plary. In original models even, the edges are but selclom found 
as sharp and as clean as in these casts, which are herewith warmly 
recommended to all institutions. 
Other smaller works by various authors, which were likewise 
exhibited, did not offer any thing specially noteworthy. Selt- 
mann’s models for instruction in drawing (wooden solids of vari- 
ons shapes capable of forming a variety of flgures) are somewhat 
clumsy. Fröbel’s useful stigmographic copies for the first stages 
of instruction are well known. As aids for object teaching, tliere 
were exhibited the Bible Pictures, by Schwarz and by C. Ehren 
berg ; also “ German Histeny,” in pictures by various. authors, 
and Overbeck’s magnificent “ Atlas of Greek Art-Mythology,” for 
the higher educational institutions. Two volumes of this exten 
sive work, “ Zeus ” aud “Hera,” have so far been issued. 
The Royal Polytechnic School of Dresden exhibited specimens 
by the students ranging through all the branches of technical 
drawing, together with models of bridges. The specimens by the 
mechanical section were especially interesting, including a large 
number of plates which represented the machiner}’ of a fiax-yarn 
spinning-mill, and of a paper-manufactory. The engineer section 
submitted a project for a bridge across the Elbe at Dresden, plans 
for railroads, viaducts, geodetical work, &c. Among the models 
there were many which were executed from the designs of Dr. E. 
Winkler, now professor at the Viennese High School, while he was 
yet assistant at the Dresden school. 
The Polyteehnicum of Frankenberg likewise exhibited the 
achievements of its students in beautiful arrangement, embraeing 
numerous portfolios and books from the preparatory dass (mostly 
studies in descriptive geometiy), and excellent specimens from the 
special schools (principally machine-drawings). 
The exhibition of Saxonian toj’s, arranged by the Commission 
for the advancement of this branch of industry, must also be men- 
tioned. A well-justifled effort is now making, to give even to the 
first pictures put into the hands of the child a character which
	            		

GERMAN Y. 
77 
will awaken a feeling for form; and to reach tliis end it will 
also be necessary to introduce a better taste into the toj’s manu- 
factured for commerce, so as to educate the eye to a feeling for 
the beautifnl. In the Saxonian Ore-Mountains, this industry has 
been traditional among the people for hundreds of years, and its 
produce is scattered all over the world. The Commission alluded 
to is endeavoring gradually to improve it, — a beautiful idea, 
which deserves full recognition. 
It has been before remarked, that the absence of the work of 
the pupils of the Saxonian Improvement Schools was greatly to be 
regretted. The careful attention paid to drawing in the Industrial 
Schools of Saxony was made apparent by the report of the Royal 
Saxonian Educational Administration (pp. 27-33), previously 
cited, in which the Organization of the various institutions, their 
division into categories, &c., was explained in detail. 
Hessia. — The Grand Duchy of Hessia exhibited almost rioth- 
ing but specimens bj- the pupils of the Artisans’ and Improvement 
Schools. These institutions, the first of which were opened in 
Darmstadt, Mayence, and Giessen in 1838, have increased consid- 
erably since then, so that now each little town in the country pos- 
sesses one of them. The attendance is voluntary everywhere; 
and, until quite lately, the instruction, to which apprentices and 
journeymen are admitted, was gratuitous; at present, the pupils 
are charged a moderate tuition-fee (six to thirty kreutzers per 
month), but the notoriously poor are exempted from its payment, 
and in some of the schools are even provided with the necessary 
writing and drawing materials free öf Charge. 
The main stress in instruction is laid upon technical drawing, 
to which are added the other branches, such as geometry, arith- 
metic, style, &c., with refefence to practical wants. In view of 
the shortness of time, the schools confine themselves to that which 
is the most necessary and useful for the working-man, w r hile the 
branches of edncation of lesser importanee are passed over. No 
premiums are given to the pupils; but every year their work is 
submitted to a special Commission, by whom it is examined, and 
reported upon. The general part of this report is published, 
while the part devoted to special criticism is communicated confi- 
dentially to the school-committees and teachers.